The major hazard involved with transferring flammable liquids is static build-up due to charge separation with the potential for discharge resulting in fire and subsequent loss of containment. Certain non-polar liquids can be charged while flowing through piping. Detectable and hazardous charges must be expected if the specific resistance of the liquid exceeds 108 ohms.
The potential for accumulation of static charges may enormously increase if the liquid contains a non-miscible component or a suspended solid. Examples include: