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I am proud to announce that SAFTENG and The Chlorine Institute have renewed our partnership for another year (through 2026).  Members of The Chlorine Institute receive a FREE SAFTENG membership.  If you qualify, please contact me

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Understanding OSHA's Instance-by-Instance (IBI) policy
Some may agree with this policy, and others may decry government overreach. Nonetheless, the policy is real and carries some serious consequences for really bad employers. Here is a breakdown of the policy and how its being used… … HomeRead More »
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Trends in Permit-Required Confined Space Enforcement
The enforcement climate around 29 CFR 1910.146 remains intensely focused on fundamental programmatic failures rather than isolated technical errors. When companies fail at confined space entry, it is rarely due to a nuance in the standard—it is almost always a total breakdown of core safety controls. Top 5 Citation Areas for 1910.146 … HomeRead More »
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IDLH Visuals for Br, Cl2, NH3
Visual Aid for Teaching PPM and % by Volume
I am always trying to give my students a visual when I begin talking about IDLH values. It’s one thing to say that Chlorine’s IDLH is 10 ppm and explain what that means within the training room. So I have been playing with some AI sources, mainly Google Gemini and ChatGPT, to create visual aids I can add to my training resources, and after several iterations, I came up with this one. STILL...
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How can we fill a plastic gas can that is 5 gallons or smaller with gasoline and not have a flash fire every time?
I use this example in my HAZMAT and flammable liquids training courses. To give away the magical answer (LOL), it’s all about the UEL of gasoline, which has a Flash Point of -50F and a vapor pressure of 450 mm Hg or 8.7 psig! … HomeRead More »
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Is bonding and grounding an effective control when transferring non-conductive flammable liquids?
The short answer is no. While bonding and grounding are absolute regulatory requirements under OSHA 1910.106 and are foundational safety measures in flammable liquids safety, they are insufficient on their own when transferring non-conductive (e.g., conductivity < 50 pS/m) flammable liquids like toluene, xylene, benzene, or ultra-low sulfur diesel. This is a classic process safety trap: We...
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Why does OSHA specifically require "forced-air" ventilation in 1910.146
This is a follow-up to my guest appearance on Dr. David Ayer’s podcast, where we discussed “ventilating confined spaces,” and, as usual, we didn’t have enough time to go as deep as we wanted. So here is my detailed explanation as to why OSHA SPECIFICALLY calls out “Forced-Air” ventilation 7 times: … HomeRead More »
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What is the "NO GO" for an NH3 release?
In all my years of training, responding, and now teaching others, my NO-GO has always been 10,000 ppm. But why 10,000 ppm? Is this a Haywood thing, or is this based on science and the limitations of most direct reading instruments (DRI)? Well, here are the facts as to why 10,000 ppm should be your team’s NO-GO limit! … HomeRead More »
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The need for REMOTE Emergency Shutdown
I thought this image was a good way to show why Codes and standards for hazardous materials such as NH3 REQUIRE REMOTE Emergency Shutdown Systems. For example, CGA 2.1 states the following: … HomeRead More »
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OSHA updates the HAZCOM CPL (Secondary Container Labeling)
In May of this year, OSHA issued an updated version of its CPL-02-02-079, Inspection Procedures for the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2024). In this updated CPL, OSHA explains the requirements for “secondary containers”, which has become a hotly contested practice for unknown reasons. I have spent the past 2 years trying to correct the “internet experts” on the requirements...
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Did you know... Elevation impacts Flash Point
As elevation increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which means flammable liquids can “flash off” at lower temperatures. I always use the “Mile High Stadium” example in my training courses to explain this principle as it relates to Boiling Points and Flash Points. But NFPA explains it like this… … HomeRead More »
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Former Yenkin Majestic Paint Corporation, which has since been sold to new ownership, pleads guilty to negligent endangerment
An Ohio corporation pleaded guilty this week in federal court in the Southern District of Ohio to a charge of negligent endangerment. The criminal charge is related to an explosion that resulted in the death of one employee and injuries to several more. Yenkin-Majestic Paint Corporation was a family-owned and operated coatings-industry supplier based in Columbus, Ohio. It has ceased all operations...
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Operator seriously injured when sprayed by liquid NH3 after failure of flexible rubber hose
A process worker and colleague were preparing for a scheduled maintenance task in the ammonia storage area of a processing plant. As part of a routine purging operation, the process worker connected a flexible rubber hose to a purge connection point via a coupling. The purge hose was charged with nitrogen and the valve was being opened slowly, allowing nitrogen to flow into the system, when the hose...
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